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Stable Qwt releases are available from the Qwt project page.
Qwt-6.1.5 consists of 4 files:
- qwt-6.1.5.zip
Zip file with the Qwt sources and the html documentation for Windows - qwt-6.1.5.tar.bz2
Compressed tar file with the Qwt sources and the html documentation for UNIX systems ( Linux, Mac, ... ) - qwt-6.1.5.pdf
Qwt documentation as PDF document. - qwt-6.1.5.qch
Qwt documentation as Qt Compressed Help document, that can be loaded into the Qt Assistant or Creator. In the Qt Creator context sensitive help will be available like for Qt classes.
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Precompiled Qwt Designer plugins, that are compatible with some binary packages of the Qt Creator:
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- qwtdesigner-6.1.5-*.zip
Beside headers, libraries and the html version of the class documentation a proper Qwt installation contains a Designer plugin and a Qwt features file for building applications using Qwt.
All files will be copied to an installation directory, that is configurable by editing qwtconfig.pri. Its default settings is:
- Windows
C:Qwt-6.1.5 - Unix like systems
/usr/local/qwt-6.1.5
For the rest of the document this install path will be written as ${QWT_ROOT} and needs to be replaced by the real path in all commands below.
It is not unlikely, to have more than one installation of Qwt on the same system. F.e for using the Qwt Designer plugin in the Qt Creator a version of Qwt is necessary with the same Qt and compiler combination, that had been used for building the Qt Creator ( see 'Help->About Qt Creator ...' ).
Installing Qwt is done in 3 steps, that are quite common on UNIX systems.
- Configuration
In the configuration step all parameters are set to control how to build and install Qwt - Build
In the build step binaries are built from the source files. - Installation
The installation copies and rearranges all files that are necessary to build Qwt applications to a target directory.
The installation doesn't modify the system beside copying files to a directory in a proper way. After removing build and installation directories the system is in the same state as it was before.
Configuration
Configuring Qwt has to be done by editing the Project files used for building:
- qwtbuild.pri
qwtbuild.pri contains settings for how to build Qwt. All settings of this file are only for building Qwt itself and doesn't have an impact on how an application using Qwt is built. Usually its default settings doesn't need to be modified. - qwtconfig.pri
qwtconfig.pri defines what modules of Qwt will be built and where to install them. qwtconfig.pri gets installed together with the Qwt features file qwt.prf and all its settings are known to project files for building Qwt applications.
In qwtconfig.pri the meaning of each option is explained in detail - it's worth reading it before running into problems later.
Build and installation
The Qt Creator is a graphical frontend for calling qmake/make and - technically - it could be used for building and installing Qwt. But as this way requires a lot more understanding of details the following step by step instructions are for the easier way using the command line.
Unix-like systems
The first step before creating the Makefile is to check that the correct version of qmake is used. F.e. on older Linux distribution you often find a Qt3 qmake and in the path.
The default setting of qmake is to generate a makefile that builds Qwt for the same environment where the version of qmake has been built for. So creating a makefile usually means something like:
/usr/local/Qt-5.0.1/bin/qmake qwt.pro
The generated Makefile includes all paths related to the chosen Qt version and the next step is:
( On multicore systems you can speed up building the Qwt libraries with running several jobs simultaneously: f.e. 'make -j4' on a dual core. )
Finally you have to install everything below the directories you have specified in qwtconfig.pri. Usually this is one of the system directories ( /usr/local, /opt, ... ) where you don't have write permission and then the installation needs to be done as root:
( On systems where sudo is not supported you can do the same with: su -c 'make install' )
Windows
Qt packages offer a command line interface, that can be found in the Qt application menu: f.e 'All Programs -> Qt -> Command Prompt'. It is not mandatory to use it, but probably the easiest way as it offers an environment, where everything is initialized for a version of Qt ( f.e qmake is in the PATH ).
Creating a makefile usually means something like:
qmake qwt.pro
The generated makefile includes all paths related to the chosen Qt version.
MinGW
For MinGW builds the name of the make tool is 'mingw32-make'
( On multicore systems you can speed up building the Qwt libraries with running several jobs simultaneously: 'mingw32-make -j' )
Finally you have to install everything below the directories you have specified in qwtconfig.pri.
MSVC
For MSVC builds the name of the make tool is 'nmake'. Alternatively it is possible to use 'jom' ( https://wiki.qt.io/Jom ), that is usually included in a Qt Creator package.
Finally you have to install everything below the directories you have specified in qwtconfig.pri.
Designer plugin
The Designer plugin and the corresponding Qwt library ( if the plugin has not been built self containing ) have to be compatible with Qt version of the application loading it ( usually the Qt Creator ) - what is often a different version of the Qt libraries you want to build your application with. F.e on Windows the Qt Creator is usually built with a MSVC compiler - even if included in a MinGW package !
To help Qt Designer/Creator with locating the Qwt Designer plugin you have to set the environment variable QT_PLUGIN_PATH, modify qt.conf - or install the plugin to one of the application default paths.
The Qt documentation explains all options in detail:
F.e. on a Linux system you could add the following lines to .bashrc:
QT_PLUGIN_PATH='${QWT_ROOT}/plugins:$QT_PLUGIN_PATH'
When the plugin has not been built including the Qwt library ( see QwtDesignerSelfContained in qwtconfig.pri ) the Qt Designer/Creator also needs to locate the Qwt libraries. On Unix systems the path to the installed library is compiled into the plugin ( see rpath, ldd ), but on Windows the Qt Creator needs to be configured ( ( Running a Qwt application ) in the same way as for any application using Qwt.
In case of problems the diagnostics of Qt Creator and Designer are very limited ( usually none ), but setting the environment variable QT_DEBUG_PLUGINS might help. In the Qt Creator it is possible to check which plugins were loaded successfully and for certain problems it also lists those that were recognized but failed ( Tools > Form Editor > About Qt Designer Plugins ).
Online Help
The Qwt class documentation can be loaded into the Qt Creator:
- open the settings dialog from the Tools->Options menu
- raise the tab 'Help->Documentation'.
- press the Add button and select qwt-6.1.5.qch.
Now the context sensitive help ( F1 ) works for Qwt classes.
For browsing the documentation in the Qt Assistant:
- open the settings dialog from the Edit->Preferences menu
- raise the tab Documentation.
- press the Add button and select qwt-6.1.5.qch.
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All flags and settings that are necessary to compile and link an application using Qwt can be found in the file ${QWT_ROOT}/features/qwt.prf.
When using qmake it can included from the application project file in 2 different ways:
- Adding Qwt as qmake feature
When using the qmake feature mechanism you can bind a special version of qmake to a special installation of Qwt without having to add this dependency to the application project. How to add Qwt as feature is documented in the qmake docs.After adding Qwt as a feature f.e on Linux as a persistent property ...... the following line can be added to the application project file: - Including qwt.prf in the application project file
Instead of using qwt.prf as qmake feature it can be included from the application project file:
The advantage of using a direct include is, that all settings of qwt.prf are known to the application project file ( qmake features are included after the application project file has been parsed ) and it can be implemented depending on - f.e. settings made in qwtconfig.pri.
On Unix platforms it is possible to link a runtime path into the executable, so that the location of the Qwt libraries can be found without having to configure a runtime environment:
When using Qwt as shared library ( DLL ) the dynamic linker has to find it according to the rules of the operating system.
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Windows
The only reasonable way to configure the runtime environment - without having to copy the Qwt libraries around - is to modify the PATH variable. F.e. this could be done by adding the following line to some batch file:
GNU/Linux
Read the documentation about:
- ldconfig
- /etc/ld.so.conf
- LD_LIBRARY_PATH
Using the ldd command a configuration can be tested.
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This is a short introduction to encodings, and how not to fail at using them inside Qt (and in general inside a C/C++ project).
- 1IMPORTANT NOTE
The contents of this page need updating to Qt 5. Qt 5 makes more use of UTF-8. In doubt, always consult the manual.
The short recipe
- Encode your source code files using UTF-8. Set all your tools (editors, etc.) to read and write UTF-8 files. Do it once, for all your code base, and make your colleagues stick with it.
- Make your compiler read UTF-8 files. Changing your locale to an UTF-8 locale should be enough (otherwise, see your compiler's manual).
- In your code use QStringLiteral / QString::fromUtf8() for all string literals, and tr() (in Qt 4: trUtf8() / QT_TR_UTF8() / etc.) for all user-visible strings.
- If you really want to use the QString(const char *) constructor[1], in Qt 4, remember to call QTextCodec::setCodecForCStrings() passing the UTF-8 text codec (QTextCodec::codecForName('UTF-8')). Being an application wide setting, this might break plugins or 3rd party Qt libraries. Note that in Qt 5 this constructor expects a UTF-8 string already.
The long story
Encodings in C/C++
What is the encoding of string literals in C/C+?
The C and C+ specifications don't say much about the encoding of string literals inside a program — or about the encoding of a program's source code itself. They just specify that an input character set and an execution character set do exist, with some simple requirements.
So what?
A compiler has to employ several techniques to deal with this problem. For starters, it must properly decode the bytes of the source file into a C/C++ program (so that the parser can parse the program). This is usually done using the current locale settings, or falling back to UTF-8 (it's ASCII compatible); if you are using GCC you can pass the -finput-charset= command line option to specify a certain encoding for the input files.
And then?
Once a source file is parsed, the compiler keeps the string literals in an internal, private representation, which is not really interesting — as compiler users, it suffices for us that this internal representation is able to represent any possible symbol in any alphabet. This usually means that this internal representation is actually a Unicode encoding.
In the end, the compiler has to emit some assembly code for the strings, that is, sequences of raw bytes; therefore, it has to encode the strings using an execution encoding. Again, if you're using GCC you can pass the -fexec-charset= and -fwide-exec-charset= command line options to control which encoding is used for the char[] literals and the wchar_t[] literals respectively (by default they're UTF-8 and UTF-16 or UTF-32, depending on the size of wchar_t).[2]
What's the scope of such command line options?
The invocation of the compiler in which they appear, so one translation unit — yes, you can change the input and execution charsets for every translation unit, if you want.
Wait a minute… so what does o exactly?
The escape sequence inside a string literal encodes the code point U+XXXX using the execution character set (similarly, the encodes the code point U+XXXXXXXX). Note that s, in general, a prefix for an universal character, and you're allowed to use it even outside string literals.
How does Qt know the encoding of a byte array (a char *), for instance, when I build a QString from it?
It's simple: Qt doesn't know it. For instance:
- the QString(const char *) constructor in Qt 5 expects UTF-8 and UTF-8 only. In Qt 4, it uses the QTextCodec::codecForCStrings() if one was set, or falls back to Latin-1 — so if you pass data in any other encoding, including UTF-8, it may horribly break;
- the static QString::fromLatin1() method builds a string from Latin-1 encoded data;
- the static QString::fromUtf8() method builds a string from UTF-8 encoded data;
- the tr() method for translation expects UTF-8 in Qt 5 (in Qt 4 the QTextCodec::codecForTr() if one was set, or, again, falls back to Latin-1);
- in Qt 4 the lupdate tool uses the CODECFORTR and CODECFORSRC in your .pro file to know the encoding of the strings inside tr() and of your source files;
- for any other encoding schemes you have to build a proper QTextCodec (by using QTextCodec::codecForName() or similar methods), and then use its toUnicode() method.
QString
What's QString?
QString is a re-entrant, implicitly shared container for an UTF-16 encoded string. This means (in no particular order):
- All methods that take an index, as well as the iterators, work in terms of code units, not code points.
- A QString might contain invalid data (for instance a broken surrogate pair).
- …
But what's wrong with the QString(const char *) constructor?
In Qt 4: that it decodes the bytes in the passed string using the fromAscii() function, which — despite its name — uses the codec returned by QTextCodec::codecForCStrings(), or Latin-1 if you didn't set one. Thus, if you pass UTF-8 data to it without doing anything else, QString is NOT going to decode your data properly.
Note also the codec set is application-wide — once you set it, you change the behaviour of fromAscii() in your code, in libraries you are using, in plugins you may have loaded, etc. If they're very poorly coded you may even break them by doing so (BT;DT).
So what should I use instead?
There are a number of available options:
- Switch all of your code editors to use UTF-8, convert all of your codebase (f.i. by using the iconv(1) tool), set your compiler input and execution charsets to UTF-8, then in your code use QString::fromUtf8(), trUtf8(), etc.; this way, will do the right thing™.
- If your source must be 7-bit ASCII, you can still make use of QString::fromUtf8 by either using the u prefix, or performing the encoding by hand and using the escape sequence. Be sure that your execution charset is UTF-8 (or that string literals pass through unchanged). For instance,
- If your source is Latin-1 and you don't want to risk it to break if someone changes the codecForCStrings(), you can use the static method QString::fromLatin1().
- QLatin1String (which is thin wrapper around a Latin-1 encoded char *) can also be handy.
Should I use tr() / trUtf8() even if I don't plan to translate my application?
Yes. For instance, you do want to handle plural forms correctly, and not to reinvent the wheel by doing it by hand.
A small digression — what's an encoding?
In information theory, a code is nothing more than a rule — a function — to translate a discrete piece of information (usually, symbols from a source alphabet) into another format of representation (symbols or sequence of symbols of a target alphabet).
The process of converting a symbol from the source alphabet into its associated sequence of symbols of the target alphabet is called encoding; the opposite process is called decoding. We can naturally extend the encoding and the decoding definitions to sequence of symbols of the source alphabet (that is, a string of the source alphabet) into the corresponding sequence made of (sequence of) symbols of the target alphabet.
For instance, a very famous code is the Morse code, which translates letters in the Roman alphabet, Arabic numerals (digits) and some punctuation characters into sequences of dots and dashes.
Symbol | Morse encoding |
---|---|
A | .-- |
B | — . . . |
9 | — — — — . |
There are a certain number of properties that we'd like a code to have: its rule must be an injection, because we don't want to map two different pieces of information into the same representation (we wouldn't know how to translate it back); it should not be unnecessarily verbose ; it could add some error detection and/or error correction schemes ; etc.
A character encoding is no different: it's a rule to translate symbols from (usually) a human alphabet into sequences of bits or bytes[3]. The most famous character encoding is probably US-ASCII, which maps Roman letters, Arabic numerals, punctuation and some control characters to the numbers in the range 0—127, and thus, requiring 7 bits in binary.
Usually an ASCII-encoded character is encoded in a full byte with the most significant bit is set to 0, thus allowing us to index symbols in a ASCII-encoded string by simply indexing bytes.[4]
As you may have guessed, US-ASCII is not suitable for anything but American English — it lacks all additional characters needed to deal with other languages. The ISO/IEC 8859 series of standards extended US-ASCII by encoding additional 128 symbols with the numbers in the range 128—255, that is, using the other half of values available inside a byte.
Many other encodings exist out there , and writing down a comprehensive list of them is almost impossible. Moreover, anyone can invent his own encoding for an arbitrary set of symbols. This has simply led to many problems when a piece of software had to deal with multiple writing systems (for instance, any browser).
Enter Unicode
Unicode is a industry standard that tries to cover as many writing systems as possible in a unified manner, not only in terms of supported symbols, but also in terms of rules for character normalization, character decompositiion, string collation (i.e. ordering), bidirectional writing, and so on.
All the symbols inside the Unicode standard are called the the Universal Character Set (UCS) and they are defined by the ISO/IEC 10646 standard. Every symbol has a number in the range from 0x000000 to 0x10FFFF[5], which is called a code point; the standard notation for naming Unicode code points is U+XXXX (where XXXX are hex digits).
What's so great about Unicode is that you can stop caring about all the details of the various writing systems. Just use a Unicode-compliant library and let it do all the harsh work for you. All in all
Unicode encodings
A code point is still a virtual entity; it's not an encoding. The Unicode standard defines several standard encodings for code points.
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Notes
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- ↑You don't. Disable those constructors by defining QT_NO_CAST_FROM_ASCII and QT_NO_CAST_TO_ASCII in your codebase.
- ↑This whole story isn't 100% accurate — as Thiago Macieira kindly pointed out in his blog entry , if you don't specify any encoding option GCC actually outputs the same bytes it read from the source file.
- ↑… or octets, but for brevity's sake let's just assume that a byte is always 8 bits.
- ↑Other uses have been suggested for the remaining bit in a byte, for instance parity check.
- ↑Not all numbers in the range are used, though.
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